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Water Treatment and Supply

Code:

LTAM20

Sigla:

TAA

Áreas Científicas
Classificação	Área Científica
OFICIAL	Controlo e Processos

Ocorrência: 2022/2023 - 2S

Ativa?	Yes
Unidade Responsável:	Departamento de Sistemas e Informática
Curso/CE Responsável:	Environmental and Marine Technology

Ciclos de Estudo/Cursos

Sigla	Nº de Estudantes	Plano de Estudos	Anos Curriculares	Créditos UCN	Créditos ECTS	Horas de Contacto	Horas Totais
LTAM	37	Plano de Estudos 2016/17	2	-	6	90	162

Língua de trabalho

Portuguese

Objetivos

It is intended that the student:
-knows the principles of efficient water use;
-knows the processes and unitary operations of water treatment;
-knows how to design the treatment organs;
-knows the main control variables of the process;
-knows how to monitor and operate water treatment plant for its optimization.

Resultados de aprendizagem e competências

The CU gives the student the bases of water resource planning, legal framework, governance of public water services in Portugal and measures for the efficient use of water.
The CU also aims to acquire competences in the field of unit water treatment processes and operations, for:
- the design, implementation and monitoring of water treatment units projects;
- the operation and management of water treatment plants (control and optimisation).

The CU has a laboratory component that allows:
-the operationalization of the concepts;
-the development of the scientific and critical reasoning;
-the acquisition of know-how skills in laboratory techniques;
-development of teamwork.

Modo de trabalho

Presencial

Pré-requisitos (conhecimentos prévios) e co-requisitos (conhecimentos simultâneos)

Knowledge of Environmental Analysis and water quality control

Programa

1.Introduction
1.1. Water resource planning
Water Law. Strategic Plan for Water Supply and Sanitation. National Plan for The Efficient Use of Water (PNUEA). Legislation on water quality for the different uses.

1.2. Governance of public water services. System for the operation of systems "em alta"/"em baixa". Captation, adduction and storage.

2.Processes and Unitary Operations in Water Treatment Systems.
Base data for a water treatment project. Average and maximum flow rates.
Conventional process schemes for surface and groundwater.

2.1. Coagulation-Flocculation
Coagulation mechanisms. Main coagulants, speciation of Al and Fe and influence of pH. Jar-test and process optimization.
Mixing: velocity gradient and stirring power. Power number. Mixing equipment.
Flocculation. Hydraulic and mechanical flocculators. Sizing and operating parameters.

2.2. Filtration
Types of filters used in water treatment.
Characterization of a filter medium, particle size analysis. 
Headloss in the filter bed.
Washing of the filter medium. Stop criteria for washing. Minimum fluidization speed.
Characteristic parameters for the operation of filters and sizing.
Filter control (constant rate and constant level filters).

2.3. Adsorption
Isotherms. Experimental determination of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm parameters. Adsorption kinetics and influencing factors.
Activated carbon: forms of application in the water treatment. Activated carbon in continuous fixed bed: saturation curve. Bohart & Adams equation.
Sizing and parameters characteristic for the operation of activated carbon filters.

2.4. Membrane Separation
Micro-, Ultra-, Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis and Electrodialysis. Pressure, pore size and removal goals. Types of membranes: materials, geometries and configurations.
Operational problems (fouling - causes and mitigation). Silt Density Index.
Modeling: Flow. Transmembrane pressure. Permeability. Resistance. Osmosis and osmotic pressure.
Design/dimensioning and characteristic parameters of the operation of membranes. Water recovery rate, solute rejection rate.
Desalination technologies.

2.5. Softening and Conditioning
Hardness. Calcocarbon balance. Fouling or corrosive character of a water, Langelier index.
Chemical precipitation softening: removal of carbonated and non-carbonated hardness.
Recarbonation. Determination of the dose of reagents to be used in the softening and conditioning of a water.
Caldwell-Lawrence diagrams.

2.6. Disinfection and Chemical Oxidation
Pre-oxidation.
Disinfection. Kinetics of disinfection and influencing factors.
Chemical and physical disinfectant agents. Comparison of effectiveness, advantages and drawbacks.
Chlorinating. Free Residual Chlorine, Combined Residual Chlorine, Chlorine Demand. Disinfection at the breaking point.
Contact tank sizing and characteristic parameters.

Practical component:
- Coagulation-flocculation
- Granulometric analysis
- Adsorption in activated carbon
- Ultrafiltration membranes
- Softening and conditioning
- Study visit to a WTP.

Oral Presentation (possible topics):
-Efficient use of water;
-Control of water losses;
-Water Safety Plans;
-Protection of water sources for human consumption;
-Indicators of water supply systems;
-Water quality control;
-Rainwater hasvesting and use;
-Treatment of grey water and decentralised systems

Bibliografia Obrigatória

António Brito, José Oliveira, João Peixoto ; Tratamento de águas para consumo humano e uso industrial, Publindústria, 2014
Célia Alves ; Tratamento de Águas de Abastecimento, Publindústria, 2010

Bibliografia Complementar

Ronald Droste, Ronald Gehr; Theory and practice of water and wastewater treatment, Wiley, 2019
Bui, Xuan-Thanh, Chiemchaisri, Chart, Fujioka, Takahiro, Varjani, Sunita; Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies, Springer, 2019
Sean Moran ; An Applied Guide to Water and Effluent Treatment Plant Design, Elsevier, 2018

Métodos de ensino e atividades de aprendizagem

Theoretical-practical classes: expositive and interactive method.
In laboratory classes, students perform assays that will allow a better understanding of the studied unit operations, their parameters and monitoring.
The students perform the Oral Presentation of an essay on a theme of the scope of Water Management.
A study visit is organized to a Water Treatment Plant.

Tipo de avaliação

Distributed evaluation without final exam

Componentes de Avaliação

Designation	Peso (%)
Teste	60,00
Trabalho laboratorial	30,00
Apresentação/discussão de um trabalho científico	10,00
Total:	100,00

Componentes de Ocupação

Designation	Tempo (Horas)
Frequência das aulas	60,00
Estudo autónomo	45,00
Trabalho laboratorial	45,00
Trabalho de campo	2,00
Apresentação/discussão de um trabalho científico	10,00
Total:	162,00

Obtenção de frequência

With regard to the theoretical-practical component, the student may opt for a continuous evaluation or by exam:
1. exam (in normal and/or appeal exam), obtaining approval if classification is equal to or greater than 9.5 val.;
2. continuous assessment: 1st test in May, 2nd test in June.

The student will obtain approval with a minimum classification of 8.5 val. in each of the tests and arithmetic mean of the two tests greater than or equal to 9.5 val.

The final classification is calculated according to:
Final Classification = 0.6 x Theoretical Classification + 0.3 x Lab Classification + 0.10 Oral Presentation Classification

The approval in the CU implies 9.5 values in the Theoretical classification and 9.5 values in the Lab classification.
The Lab classification is assigned on the basis of the reports delivered and student performance in the lab.

Without the delivery of the reports and laboratory questionnaires, the student will not be able to obtain approval in the CU.
It is allowed at max. 1 missing laboratory class and non-delivery of the respective report/questionnaire (the same being assigned the classification 0 values).

To perform continuous evaluation, the student must have a minimum attendance of 75% of TP classes.

Important note:
Anti-fraud measures will be strictly implemented, as defined in Despacho nº 40/Presidente/2021 (https://www.si.ips.pt/ips_si/noticias_geral.ver_noticia?P_NR=7740).

Fórmula de cálculo da classificação final

The final classification is calculated according to:
Final Classification = 0.6 x TP + 0.3 x Lab + 0.10 Oral Presentation

Provas e trabalhos especiais

Students with recognized Worker-Student status (TE) who missed more than 1 laboratory work, will necessarily perform in the final exam, a group specifically related to the laboratory component of the CU.
The students who choose to perform continuous evaluation (tests) and who miss more than 1 laboratory work, should also perform this specific group on the laboratory component of the CU, on the date of normal season examination.

Trabalho de estágio/projeto

Not applicable

Avaliação especial (TE, DA, ...)

Students with the status of Student-Worker, high-competition athlete, association leader or students under the religious freedom law should send an email to the Responsible Professor (carla.gamelas@estsetubal.ips.pt) by the second week of the semester, in order to present their relevant specificities, in accordance with the respective diplomas.

Melhoria de classificação

In Appeal Exam

Observações

Doubts:
Carla Gamelas: Tuesday at 12:30 p.m.; Friday at 1:00 p.m.
Students who wish to clarify doubts should send an email to the Professors, until the previous business day:
carla.gamelas@estsetubal.ips.pt (theoretical-practical and laboratory doubts); helena.sousa@estsetubal.ips.pt (laboratory doubts).

-The use of mobile phones during classes and evaluation tests is prohibited.

-Students who wish to consult the evaluation tests or exams must send an email to the Responsible Professor (carla.gamelas@estsetubal.ips.pt) up to 4 working days before the next test, expressing the intention to exercise this right.