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Aeronautics Fundamentals

Code:

LEM22224

Sigla:

FA

Áreas Científicas
Classificação	Área Científica
OFICIAL	Solid Mechanics
OFICIAL	Applied Thermodynamics

Ocorrência: 2023/2024 - 2S

Ativa?	Yes
Unidade Responsável:	Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica
Curso/CE Responsável:

Ciclos de Estudo/Cursos

Sigla	Nº de Estudantes	Plano de Estudos	Anos Curriculares	Créditos UCN	Créditos ECTS	Horas de Contacto	Horas Totais
EM	12	Plano de Estudos	2	-	6	75	162

Língua de trabalho

Portuguese

Objetivos

It is intended in this course that students develop an interest in the study of aeronautics and that they get to know the main concepts of flight mechanics, aircraft components, aerodynamics and propulsion in order to understand the functioning of the various components, design, materials and aircraft construction techniques.

Resultados de aprendizagem e competências

At the end of the course, students should be able to:
- Know the fundamentals of an aircraft's flight, its main components and most common systems;
- Identify the forces acting on an aircraft, with special emphasis on aerodynamic ones;
- Identify the propulsion used in the aircraft, namely reciprocating engines, turbo-prop, turbo-fan and reaction, identifying the different operating cycles;
- Know the flight control systems, aircraft hydraulic systems, landing gear pick-up mechanism and the braking system;
- Know the main instruments installed in the aircraft and describe the operation of the pitot-static;
- Know the gyroscopic instruments, navigation instruments and engine instruments;
- Know the basic aeronautical regulations, the most important aeronautical organizations (ICAO, FAA, EASA) and the legislation that regulates them;
- Know the national aeronautical authorities (NAA) and their functions;
- Know the legislation applicable to Initial Airworthiness.
- Develop critical thinking and analysis regarding the physical phenomena addressed;
- Assess the problems and data available for solving practical situations;
- Interpret the results obtained and analyze if they are the expected.

Additionally must:
- Relate the components of the aircraft with the forces that act on it;
- Relate the forces of aerodynamic nature with the propulsion power and discuss the type of propulsion in relation to the flight speed;
- Relate the performance in flight control systems with the values ​​indicated by the aircraft instrumentation;
- List the connections of the various aeronautical organizations and discriminate the levels of action of each one of them;
- Design a glider, plan its construction, select the materials, build the glider solving the difficulties and unforeseen issues that arise, balance the glider and test its performance in flight;
- Communicate the results of the work developed and explain the decisions taken through a report and oral presentation to the students of the class and teachers;
- Actively integrate a working group, communicate and discuss ideas with all group members;
- Organize the work and study to meet the established deadlines and objectives.

Modo de trabalho

Presencial

Pré-requisitos (conhecimentos prévios) e co-requisitos (conhecimentos simultâneos)

Elementary knowledge of Mathematics and Physics (Mechanics).

Programa

1. Introduction to Aeronautics
Brief history of aviation; Constituent parts of an aircraft and the different geometries that aircraft can assume.
2. Forces and Movements in an Aircraft
Forces applied to an aircraft in flight; Bernoulli's equation; Aerodynamic forces acting on an aircraft.
Commands that act on the control surfaces (elevator, aileron, rudder) that allow to control the movement of an airplane (pitch, roll, yaw).
3. Configuration and Simulation
Flight configurations of an aircraft in the flight phases (take-off; climb; flight line; descent and landing); Aircraft stability criteria.
Concept of 'Weight and Centering' of an aircraft and calculations involved.
4. Propulsion
Types of aircraft engines: reciprocal; turbo-propeller; turbo fan; reaction.
Engine operating cycles; Choice of engine type for an aircraft depending on its characteristics and operating profile.
Aircraft fuel systems; APU functions and working principle.
5. Flight Control and Systems
Flight control systems for large aircraft; Hydraulic systems and their functions.
Landing gear and train pick-up mechanism; Braking system and anti-skid function.
6. Instruments and Avionics
Most common instruments in the cockpit of an aircraft; Pitot-Static System; Gyroscopic instruments and where they are used; EFIS and EICAS systems.
Instruments for controlling the condition and operation of aircraft engines.
7. Aeronautical Legislation
Framework of international, European and national aeronautical legislation.
Aeronautical organizations and respective attributions (ICAO, FAA, EASA, INAC);
EASA and the regulations that establish airworthiness conditions (Initial and Continuous).

Bibliografia Obrigatória

FAA-H-8083-25B; Pilot's Handbook Of Aeronautical Knowledge, 5th Edition, Skyhorse, 2016. ISBN: 978-1510726062 (Available in open access .PDF support)
FAA-H-8083-3B; Airplane Flying Handbook, Skyhorse, 2017. ISBN: 978-1510712836 (Available in open access .PDF support)
Docentes da UC; Powerpoints de apoio à lecionação de FA, 2021 (Available in .PDF support in Moodle)

Bibliografia Complementar

Rolls-Royce; The Jet Engine
C. Fayette Taylor; Aircraft Propulsion

Métodos de ensino e atividades de aprendizagem

Two two-hour classes per week.
Theoretical-practical classes (2x1,5h/week): participatory expository method (with presentation of powerpoints that include small illustrative films) and demonstrative method (with solving practical problems by the students).
Laboratory classes (2h/week): experimental method using the development of works using the flight simulator; Problem solving; Design, construction and testing of a glider.

Software

X-Plane - Software de simulação aeronáutica

Tipo de avaliação

Distributed evaluation without final exam

Componentes de Avaliação

Designation	Peso (%)
Teste	60,00
Trabalho laboratorial	40,00
Total:	100,00

Componentes de Ocupação

Designation	Tempo (Horas)
Estudo autónomo	57,00
Frequência das aulas	45,00
Trabalho laboratorial	30,00
Elaboração de projeto	30,00
Total:	162,00

Obtenção de frequência

- Attendance at theoretical-practical classes is recommended, but not mandatory;
- Attendance at laboratory work classes is mandatory;
- The rating of the Tests must be equal to or greater than 7.0V;
- The arithmetic mean of the Test or Exam classification must be equal to or greater than 9.5V.

In order to comply with the provisions of the 'IPS Academic Activities Regulation', students who are beneficiaries of one of the statutes provided for in the regulation must inform the person responsible for the curricular unit of their situation.

Fórmula de cálculo da classificação final

* Continuous evaluation:
- Two tests (60%) - Minimum grade of 7.0V; Minimum arithmetic mean: 9.5V
- Laboratory work (40%) - Minimum grade for glider design work: 9.5V

FG=0.60xMTG+0.40xPGlider

* Final evaluation:
- Exam (60%) - Minimum grade of 9.5V
- Laboratory work (40%) - Minimum grade for glider design work: 9.5V

FG=0.60xEG+0.40xPGlider

Avaliação especial (TE, DA, ...)

Students with special statutes must inform the RUC at the beginning of the semester in order to agree on a plan for attendance/follow-up of laboratory classes to allow the application of the UC assessment rules.

Melhoria de classificação

The classification improvement will be performed by exam only, with access to the exam according to the rules defined in the RAA-IPS.

Observações

- Attendance at laboratory activities is mandatory. In case of impossibility to be present, the student must contact the Teacher in advance;
- The report of the work developed in the laboratories is returned to the group for improvement, if it has not reached the minimum grade;
- Students who do not have the report approved during the continuous assessment period are able to deliver it by the date of the exams;
- If the student does not obtain the minimum grade in one of the tests, he/she can recover that test on the date defined by the Pedagogical Council for the evaluation of the normal period.
- The weekly time for answering doubts/questions will be published on the UC page in Moodle.dle.

- Students who obtain a final grade greater than or equal to 16 values ​​must perform a oral verification, otherwise the grade will be 14 values.

>> In written evaluations only non-programmable scientific calculator can be used and will have restricted appointments – Tables and formulas sheet provided.